MATOKEO DARASA LA 7 2018

Hatimaye Matokeo ya Darasa La Saba 2018 Yametoka Bofya Hapa Kuona
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MATOKEO KIDATO CHA NNE 2016

BOFYA HAPA KUTAZAMA

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MATOKEO YA DARASA LA NNE (4) 2016.

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MATOKEO YA KIDATO CHA PILI 2016.

              
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Watiwa Mbaroni Kwa kuvujisha mtihani FEKI wa kidato cha nne

Walimu wa Shule ya Sekondari Hasanga, iliyopo wilayani Mbozi mkoani Songwe na wafanyabiashara wawili, wanahojiwa na vyombo vya usalama mkoani Mbeya kwa tuhuma za kuhusika na utengenezaji wa mitihani feki ya kidato cha nne

Watuhumiwa hao, James Kapinga (36) ambaye anadaiwa kufanya kazi Shule ya Sekondari ya Hasanga pia anajitolea kufundisha Shule ya Sekondari ya Wazazi ya Sangu, Baraka Mwazambe (28), mfanyabiashara na mkazi wa Tunduma na mtaalamu wa masuala ya Tehama (IT), Alex Mochi.

Watu hao kwa pamoja inadaiwa walikamatwa juzi usiku baada ya mwanafunzi mmoja ambaye jina lake na la shule vimehifadhiwa kukutwa na mtihani wa somo la Kiingereza na alipobanwa, inadaiwa aliwataja wahusika hao.

“Mwanafunzi huyu ni wa shule nyingine tena si ya Mbeya, alikutwa na mtihani feki wa somo la Kiingereza, alipohojiwa alieleza mtihani huo ulitoka Mbeya na Serikali ilipofuatilia iliwabaini wahusika ambao walikuwa wanasambaza mitihani feki,” kilisema chanzo kimoja cha habari hii.

Akizungumzia sakata hilo, Katibu Tawala wa Mkoa wa Mbeya, Mariamu Mtunguja, alikiri ofisi yake kupokea taarifa juu ya uvujaji wa mitihani na walipofuatilia walibaini mitihani hiyo ni feki.

“Mbeya hakuna mitihani iliyovuja kama inavyoelezwa katika mitandao, ukweli ni kwamba suala hilo lilifuatiliwa ilibainika mitihani inayosambazwa si ile iliyochapishwa na Baraza la Mitihani la Taifa, ni feki na baadhi ya wahusika wanahojiwa na vyombo vya dola,” alisema.

Naye Kaimu Ofisa Elimu Mkoa wa Mbeya, Benedict Sandy, alisema hakuna mitihani iliyovuja.

“Mitandao imekuwa ikitoa taarifa za upotoshaji eti mitihani imevuja, mitihani iliyosambaa na kukutwa na baadhi ya wanafunzi tena si wa Mkoa wa Mbeya ni feki na wahusika wanaodaiwa kuisambaza wamekamatwa.

“Nawaomba wanafunzi wazingatie yale waliyofundishwa, mitihani hiyo inakuja kwa lengo baya la kuwapotezea muda wao na mwisho wa siku kuishia kufeli, watu wanaofanya kazi hiyo wapo kimasilahi,” alisema.

Faida 48 za Juisi ya Tangawizi

Kazi 48 za tangawizi mwilini

1. Huondoa sumu mwilini haraka sana
2. Huua bakteria wa aina nyingi mwilini hata salmonella ndani ya mwili hata juu ya ngozi
3. Kuna viua vijasumu (antibiotics) vya asili viwili kwenye tangawizi
4. Huondoa uvimbe mwilini
5. Huondoa msongamano mapafuni
6. Tangawizi inayo ‘zingibain’ ambayo huua vimelea mbalimbali vya magonjwa na mayai yake
7. Huondoa maumivu ya koo
8. Huua virusi wa homa
9. Huondoa maumivu mbalimbali mwilini
10. Huondoa homa hata homa ya baridi (chills)
11. Hutibu saratani ya tezi dume. Tangawizi huua kimeng’enya ambacho ni chakula cha seli za kansa ya tezi dume kiitwacho ‘5-LO enzymes’ na seli hizo za kansa hufa ndani ya masaa mawili au manne bila hicho kimeng’enya.
12. Tangawizi ina kiinilishe mhimu sana ambacho huzuia kuongezeka kwa seli za kansa ya kongosho kiitwacho kwa kitaalamu kama ‘gingerol”
13. Hutibu kansa zinazoweza kusababishwa na kupata choo kigumu muda mrefu (constipation-related cancer)
14. Ni dawa nzuri kwa kansa ya kwenye damu (leukemia)
15. Ni dawa nzuri dhidi ya kansa ya mapafu (lung cancer)
16. Huzuia kujizalisha kwa bakteria aitwaye ‘Helicobacter pylori’, bakteria huyu ndiye husababisha vidonda vya tumbo mwilini, pia hutibu kiungulia, na kanza mbalimbali za tumbo
17. Ni msaada sana katika kuzuia na kutibu kansa ya titi
18. Hutibu kanza za kwenye kizazi na kanza za kwenye mirija ya uzazi
19. Huongeza msukumo wa damu
20. Husaidia kuzuia shambulio la moyo
21. Huzuia damu kuganda
22. Hushusha kolesto
23. Husafisha damu
24. Husaidia watu wenye kukakamaa kwa mishipa
25. Hutibu shinikizo la juu la damu
26. Husafisha utumbo mpana
27. Hupunguza mishtuko kwenye utumbo mpana na tumbo kuunguruma
28. Huondoa GESI TUMBONI KIRAHISI ZAIDI
29. Husaidia mfumo wa mmeng’enyo wa chakula
30. Dawa nzuri ya kuondoa uchovu
31. Husaidia kuzuia kutapika. Husaidia hata wale wanaosafiri baharini wasipatwe na kichefuchefu
32. Husaidia kuondoa maumivu kutokana na mkao mmoja wa mrefu ama kusimama au kukaa
33. Husaidia uzalishwaji wa juisi vimeng’enya kwa ajili ya kumeng’enya chakula
34. Husaidia kuzuia kuharisha
35. Husaidia mfumo wa upumuaji na kutuliza dalili za pumu
36. Hutibu tatizo la miguu kuwaka moto
37. Hutibu homa ya kichwa
38. Hutibu maumivu ya tumbo wakati wa hedhi
39. Hutibu homa za asubuhi hata kwa mama mjamzito
40. Husaidia kupunguza homa ya baridi yabisi (helps reduce inflammation of arthritis)
41. Huimarisha afya ya figo
42. Husaidia kupunguza uchovu unaotokana na matibabu yaliyopita ya mionzi
43. Ina madini ya potassium ya kutosha
44. Ina madini ya manganese ambayo ni mhimu katika kuuongeza mfumo wa kinga ya mwili dhidi ya magonjwa mbalimbali.
45. Ina kitu kinaitwa ‘silicon’ ambacho chenyewe kazi yake hasa ni kuongeza afya ya ngozi, nywele, meno na kucha
46. Husaidia umeng’enywaji wa madini ya calcium
47. Pia ina vitamini A, C, E, B-complex, chuma, zinki , magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, calcium, na beta-carotene
48. Hulinda kuta za moyo, hulinda mishipa ya damu na mishipa ambako mikojo hupita

PHYSICS FORM 4 - Geophysics PART 1

Geophysics is a branch of science that deals with the physical, chemical, geological, astronomical and other characteristic properties of the earth.It deals with geological phenomena such as the temperature distribution of the earth’s interior, the source, configuration and the geomagnetic field.

The Structure of the Earth

The structure of the earth is composed of three major zones arranged in concentric manner. These are crust, mantle and core.

The crust

Is the outer solid layer o the earth.It is extremely thin(5 to 15km) compared to the radius of the earth (6,371km).There are two types of crust, namely:

1. Continental crust: This is heterogeneous and of relatively low density(2 to 2.8 tonnes per cubic meter).-It is composed mainly of granites and sedimentary rocks.
2. Oceanic crust: This is basaltic and more denser (3.0 to 3.1 tonnes per cubic meter). Both the continental and the oceanic crusts floats on the denser mantle. Because of its low density,the continental crust floats on the mantle at a higher elevation, forming the land masses and mountains. The continental crust is 30 to 70 km thick. The denser oceanic crust floats at a lower elevation forming oceanic basins.It is about 8km thick. The boundary between the crust and the mantle is called Mohorocivic discontinuity or simply Moho. It is a zone between one and several kilometers thick.

The mantle

It begins from the Moho and extends to a depth of 2,900km below the earth’s surface,up to its boundary with the earth’s core.This boundary is called the Gutenberg discontinuity.

The mantle contains about 70% of the earth’s mass.It is composed of rocks,both in solid and mountain states.The upper surface of the mantle has the temperature of about 870°C,and this temperature increases downwards through the mantle to about 2,200°C near the core.

The core

Is the innermost part of the earth.It extends from the Gutenberg discontinuity to the earth’s geometric centre. The core consists of two distinct regions namely:

1. The inner core: It is composed of solid material because the high pressure at this depth.-It is composed of iron-nickel alloys.
2. The outer core: Is composed of liquid of molten nickel and iron known as magma. It extends from the mantle to a depth of about 5,000km below the earth’s surface.

The core

Is the innermost part of the earth.It extends from the Gutenberg discontinuity to the earth’s geometric centre. The core consists of two distinct regions namely:

1. The inner core: It is composed of solid material because the high pressure at this depth.-It is composed of iron-nickel alloys.
2. The outer core: Is composed of liquid of molten nickel and iron known as magma. It extends from the mantle to a depth of about 5,000km below the earth’s surface.

The Composition of the Layers of the Earth

Continental crust is made of granite and sedimentary rocks forming the lands and the mountains while the oceanic crust forms oceanic basins. Mantle is made of solids and molten rocks. The outer core is made of molten nickel and iron called magma while the inner core is solid because of the high pressure. The crust and the mantle are separated by the mohorovicic discontinuity.

 

The Importance of the Layers of the Earth

Continental crust forms the land and mountains of the earth on which all human activities are carried out e.g farming, housing etc. Oceanic crust forms the base of the oceans and seas on which oceanic water rests and all aquatic organisms like fishes live. The mantle provides the heat transfer from the core to the outer layers a process which causes the volcanic actions and earthquakes.

Shule za msingi 6 zabainika kuwapa majibu wanafunzi darasa la saba

Baada ya baraza la mtihani Tanzania (NECTA),kutangaza matokeo ya mtihani wa taifa wa darasa la saba uliofanyika Septemba 8 hadi 9, mwaka huu, baadhi ya shule zimebainika kuwa zilifanya udanganyifu kwa kuiba mitihani, kuandaa majibu na kuwapa watahiniwa.

 
Akizungumza na waandishi wa habari,Katibu mtendaji wa NECTA, Dk. Charles Msonde amesema kuwa takribani shule 6 zimefanya udanganyifu huo.
“Pamoja na kazi nzuri iliyofanywa na waendeshaji wa mitihani hiyo, kulijitokeza matukio machache ya udanganyifu yaliyofanywa na baadhi ya wasimamizi wa mitihani, wamiliki wa shule na walimu wakuu,” amesema Msonde.
Katika shule zilizofanya udanganyifu alitaja kuwa ni pamoja na Tumaini iliyopo Sengerema mkoani Mwanza ambapo mmiliki wake Jafari Mahunde anatuhumiwa kuiba mtihani, kuandaa majibu ambayo watahiniwa waliyaandika kwenye sare za shule na kuyatumia ndani ya chumba cha mtihani.
Shule nyingine ni ya Little Flower, iliyopo Serengeti, Mara, ambapo mwalimu mkuu wa shule hiyo Cecilia Nyamoronga anadaiwa kuiba mtihani na kuandaa majibu na kumpa msimamizi mkuu pamoja na wasimamizi ili wawapatie watahiniwa.
Shule nyingine alizozitaja ni Mihamakumi iliyopo Sikonge,Tabora, Qash iliyopo Babati mkoani Manyara, St. Getrude Madaba mkoani Ruvuma, na Kondi Kasandalala iliyopo Sikonge, Tabora.
Aidha Msonde alisema baraza hilo limeshatoa taarifa za waliohusika na kushiriki udanganyifu wa matokeo kwa mamlaka zao za utumishi ili wachukuliwe hatua kwa mujibu wa kanuni za utumishi wa umma.
Jumla ya shule 16,350 zilishiriki katika mtihano huo, ambapo watahiniwa 795,739 walisajiliwa kufanya mtihani huo.

Ujumbe maalumu kwa wanafunzi wa kidato cha nne wanaotaraji kuanza mtihani wa taifa

Kama tujuavyo ya kwamba zimebaki siku chache ambapo vijana zetu, ndugu, rafiki,watoto wetu wa kidato cha nne waanze mitihani yao ya kihitimu elimu ya sekondary "o-level". Inawezekana labda hii taarifa ikawa ni ngeni kwako ili nitumie kalamu yangu kukumbusha ya kwamba kuamzia tarehe 1.11.2016, ndiyo siku ambayo mitihani hiyo itaanza.

Yafutayo ni mambo ya msingi ya kuyafahamu kabla ya kuanza mtihani Wa taifa;

Zingatio; Mtangulize mwenyezi Mungu kwanza kila wakati.

1. Tuliza akili yako na ondokana na hofu.
Inawezekana hapo awali ulikuwa na mambo mengi sana, ambayo kimsingi hayana mchango wowote katika safari yako ya masomo. Kama ndivyo hivyo nakusihi achana na mambo hayo kwani endapo utaendelea nayo yatakuwa ni kikwazo kikubwa sana katika mitihani yako.

Pia katika suala hili ni vyema ukaatumia nguvu kidogo katika kujikumbusha mambo ambayo naaamini ya kwamba ulikwisha kusoma hapo awali. Pia inawezekana zipo maada ambazo hakuzisoma kabisa, hivyo muda huu ambao umebaki ni muda kidogo ambapo kama utatumia muda huu kusoma maada hizo (topics) utajikuta umechanganyikiwa zaidi. Hivyo wito wangu kwako ni kwamba ni vyema ukatumia muda huu kuweza kupitia kusoma zile maada ambazo ni vyema ulikuwa unazifahamu.

Jambo jingine la msingi ni kwamba ni vyema siku za mitihani ukawahi kulala, ili uwahi kuwahi kuamka mapema ili kufanya maandalizi ya awali kabla ya mtihani, mfano kuandaa kalamu za kuandikia, rula pamoja ni vitu vingine vya msingi ambavyo vitatakiwa katika chumba cha mtihani.

Lakini hata hivyo katika masula ya afya nikumbushe ya kwamba inawezekana vipo baadhi ya vyakula ukila huwa vinakuathiri kwa namna moja ama nyingine, kama ndivyo hivyo usivitumie vyakula hivyo kipindi chote cha mitihani yako. Kwani ukifanya hivyo utaweza kuugua na kutoweza vizuri mitihani yako.

Wahi kufika katika eneo la kufanya mtihani.
Kitaalumu ni kwamba  kufanya hivi huongeza uwezo wa kujiamini. Unashauriwa ya kwamba ufike eneo la kufanyia mtihani angalau nusu saa kabla ya mtihani kuanza ili uweza kuyazoea mazingira.

NB; wazazi kama mwanao anaishi naye nyumbani, katika wiki zile za mitihani epuka sana kumpa kazi ngumu mwanao ambazo zitamfanya ashindwe kutuliza akili yake hatimaye kuweza kushindwa kujiandaa vizuri.

Mambo ya msingi ya kuzingatia katika eneo la mtihani.
1. Soma maelekezo vizuri ya namna ambavyo unatakiwa kufanya mtihani husika. Kwani watu wengi hufeli kwa sababu hushindwa kufuata maelekezo ya mtihani husika. Malekezo hayo ya mtihani huandikwa mbele ya mtihani huo soma mara nyingi maelezo hayo kisha uyaelewe.

2. Soma maswali  yote kwa afasaha,
kisha tafuta maswali ambayo unayaweza kuyajibu vizuri kisha uanze kuyajibu. Maswali ambayo unahisi yana utata kwako yafanye yawe ya mwisho. Pia anza na maswali ambayo huwa yana mlolongo mrefu kama vile insha (essay)  kwani endapo utayafanya maswali hayo yawe ya mwisho huenda akili yako ikawa imechoka hivyo ukashindwa kufanya vizuri.

3. Tafuta wazo kuu la swali.
Hii ndio siri kubwa ambayo imejificha kuhusu ufaulu wa mitihani yako, kwa muuliza swali lipo jibu ambalo analitegemea kutoka kwako, kama ndivyo hivyo jaribu kujiohoji kuhusu kiini cha swali kipo wapi? Baada ya kupata kiini hicho ndipo ambapo unatakiwa kutuliza akili yako kisha uanze kujibu na si kukurupuka kujibu kama ambavyo wafanyavyo watu wengi.

4. Zingatia matumizi sahihi ya muda.
Muda ni sehemu ya mtihani, hivyo baada ya kujua unatakiwa kufanya maswali mangapi  unachotakiwa kufanya ni kujua je! kila swali utatumia dakika ngapi kufanya swali hilo? Hilo ni jambo jema zaidi. Usipoteze muda mwingi kwa swali ambalo usilolijua.

5. Pitia majibu yako yote.
Ukishamaliza mtihani wako unachotakiwa kufanya ni kwamba upitie vizuri tena kwa ufasaha majibu ya mtihani wako. Kufanya hivi kutakusaidia kujua kama maswali ambayo ulitakiwa kuyajibu kama umekwisha yajibu. Kama kana mahali pia hukumalizia kujibu ndio wakati mwafaka wa kufanya hivyo.

Kwa imani yeyote ile tumia nafasi hiyo kumshukuru Mungu kabla ya kukusanya mtihani wako.
NB; Kama uliyekuwa unayesoma Makala haya si muhusika wa ufanyaji wa Mitihani hiyo, naomba utumie nafsi hiyo kwa hayo ambayo umeyasoma kuwambusha anagalau hata wanafaunzi hao Wa kidato cha nne mambo hayo.

Nikutakie mtihani mwema, Mwenyezi Mungu akusaidie uweze kufanya vizuri na hatimaye kufaulu vizuri. Amina

VIDEO: Matukio Sita ya udanganyifu yaliyotokea katika Mtihani wa Darasa la saba 2016

Baraza la mitihani la Taifa limetangaza matokeo ya kumaliza elimu ya msingi ambapo kumekuwa na ongezeko la ufaulu kwa asilimia 2, kabla ya kutangaza matokeo hayo, katibu Mtendaji wa NECTA, Dk. Charles Msonde ameyazungumzia Matukio Sita ya udanganyifu yaliyotokea katika Mtihani wa Darasa la saba 2016.

1. Moja ya matukio ya udanganyifu ni pamoja na la  shule ya msingi Tumaini Sengerema ambapo mmiliki wa shule akishirikiana na wasimamizi alifanya mtihani na kuwapa majibu watahiniwa, wakayaandika kwenye sare zao wakaingia nayo kwenye chumba cha mtihani.

2. Shule ya little flower ambayo iko Serengeti, mwalimu mkuu akishirikiana na wasimamizi waliharibu mtihani wakaufanya na wakawapatia majibu wanafunzi, katika shule hiyo afisa wa baraza alipokuwa akifanya ufuatiliaji wa mitihani alimkamata mwalimu wa shule hiyo ambaye ni msimamizi akiwapa wanafunzi majibu.

3. Shule ya mihamakumi ambayo iko Sikonge mkoani Tabora, walimu walichukua form za kujibia mitihani, wanafunzi wanaingia chumba cha mtihani kutimiza wajibu tu baadae walimu wanachukua zile karatasi na kuanza kutoa majibu wao wenyewe

4.Shule ya Kashi Manyara, mwalimu alijificha chooni akiwa amepanga njama na mtahiniwa mmoja kwamba atoke na karatasi ya maswali ambapo mwalimu atafanya na baadaye mwanafunzi arudi chooni kuchukua majibu.

5. Shule ya St. Getrude Ruvuma, mwalimu mkuu na walimu kadhaa walifanya njama kuwaonyesha wanafunzi wote ambapo walipanga walimu wakae bwenini na kwenye nyumba ya mwalimu na wakaweka kikundi cha wanafunzi kadhaa ambao watakuwa wanapeleka maswali na baadae kuyaendea.

6. Shule kondi pamoja na kasandalala Sikonge watahiniwa walikuwa wote wanakosa kwa namna moja 

katibu Mtendaji wa NECTA, Dk. Charles Msonde amesema baraza la mitihani Tanzania limeshatoa taarifa ya walimu na wafanyakazi wengine waliokosa maadili na baraza hilo litafanya ufuatiliaji wa makusudi kwa wanfunzi waliofaulu hasa watakapochaguliwa sekondari kuona umahiri wao wa kuwawezesha kufaulu.

Wanafunzi vyuo vikuu nchini waanza kujazwa ‘boom’

Fedha za mikopo kwa wanafunzi wa vyuo vikuu nchini zimeanza kuingia katika akaunti zao, baada ya bodi ya mikopo ya wanafunzi wa elimu ya juu (HESLB) kusema kuanzia Jumatano hii imeanza kuingiza fedha za wanafunzi wote waliokidhi vigezo vya kupatiwa mkopo.

Akizungumza na gazeti la Habari leo, Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa HESLB, Abdul Razaq Badru aliwahakikishia wanafunzi hao kuwa fedha hizo zinaanza kuingia siku tofauti tofauti.
“Napenda kuwahakikishia waombaji kuwa boom limeanza kuingia leo, kwa kuwa fedha hizo zinapitia benki baadhi wanapata kesho na wengine siku zinazofuata, ila sisi tumeshatimiza wajibu wetu,” alisema Badru.
“Kuna wanafunzi kama 90 wamekosa mikopo kwa sababu ya umri wao kuwa mkubwa, sisi tunatoa mikopo kwa wanafunzi wanaotoka sekondari. Pia kuna wanafunzi wengine kama 6,561 hawakuomba kabisa mikopo licha ya kudahiliwa na TCU hao nao tunasema hawana sifa ya kukopeshwa,” aliongeza Badru.
Katika ufafanuzi wa waliopata mikopo, Badru alisema kati ya wanafunzi hao yatima waliopata mkopo ni 873, wenye ulemavu wa viungo wako 118, wahitaji wenye mzazi mmoja 3,448, waliofadhiliwa na taasisi mbali mbali 87, wahitaji wanaosoma kozi za kipaumbele 6,159 na Wadahiliwa wahitaji wanaosoma kozi zingine ni 9,867.

Matokeo ya Mtihani Darasa la 7....Bofya hapa Kuyaona

 
Serikali  imetangaza  matokeo  ya  mtihani  wa  darasa  la  7 kwa mwaka 2016  ambapo ufaulu  umeongezeka  kwa asilimia 2.52 na shule iliyoongoza kitaifa ni shule ya Msingi Kwema  ya  mkoani Shinya

===> Waweza Bofya  pia  <<HAPA>>

 

GEOGRAPHY DESERTIFICATION 2

®  In Tanzania the most affected regions include Shinyanga, Iringa, Arusha, Singida and     

      Dodoma.

® Most affected areas by desertification are the Muklat area in Arusha, Ismani in Iringa    

     Kondoa Irangi in Dodoma.

CAUSES OF DESERTIFICATION

            The causes of desertification are complex cannot only be attributed to one factor.

It is caused by both Natural and man.

            Natural: Includes 1) Failure of rain and continous and persistence drought 2) Bush Fire 3) Pest accompanied by drought.

            Man, The main causes of it is by human activities to rapid population growth.

Rapid Population growth contributes to intensification and extension of desert conditions in areas that could otherwise produce crops and rear animals.  This is due to the fact that the demand of the following increases:

• Food.
• Building space.
• Building space and materials.
• Fuel wood.
• Grazing land.

To meet these growing needs , large part of land including forests will be cleared to:

      -     Expand Agricultural in  order to increase food production.

-          Supply fuel wood and building  materials.

-          Create space for settlements.

-          To have space for grazing livestock.

Cutting of trees is done too quickly to be replaced by natural re growth, and the exposure of bare and exposure of bare land leads to soil erosion, further aggravating the process of desertification.

Land fragmentation due to growing population may lead to the land to be easily exhausted and accelerates soil erosion. This slowly starts the process of desertification.

Causes of Human activities leading to Desertification.

            There are number of human activities leading to desertification and these are; Deforestation, Poor farming practices, Overgrazing , Poor Irrigation Methods, Quarrying  and Mining settlements.

GEOGRAPHY-DESERTIFICATION "OLEVEL"

DESERTIFICATION

Concept of  Desertification.

            There is an oversimplication that desertification is caused by a long-term decline in rainfall and aided by human activities  such as overgrazing ], burning and deforestation.

            Desertification suggests an irreversible conversion of non-desert  conversion of non-desert  whereas degradation implies quite severe changes, but changes which can be reversed after a few rainy reasons and careful management. In addition degradation implies  the use of resource in a non-sustainable way. If agriculture is not sustainable, land degradation would take place.

            It refers to the evolution and formation of deserts. It is the creation of desert-like conditions in an area, which previously supported plant life.  It as well refers to the depletion of vegetation and soils in arid lands, leading t desert-like conditions.

            It results in the reduction of the biological potential of  the land,  and therefore reduces the potential of the land to produce food

Definitions.

            UNCOD (United Nations Environment Programme World Conference  on Desertification) defined desertification as a reduction ‘in the biological productivity of the land leading ultimately to desert like conditions.[1]

Process of Desertification.

• It begins with a decline in the vegetation cover over the land.
• This can be the outcome of climatic drought or removal of vegetation by different human activities. When the ground has little or no vegetation cover, it means that there is less organic matter to maintain the soil.
• Organic matter helps the soil to hold water and nutrients. The soil is unprotected if the land has little or no vegetation cover.
• The land dries up and hardens, preventing water to sink. The removal of soil cover, loss of nutrients, loss of surface and ground water, may all be part of desertification, which leads to land degradation.
• Land degradation by itself refers  to the reduction of fertility and other good qualities of the topsoil and it is  largely brought about by various human activities.

The Spread of  Desert.

®  Desertification is becoming a major problem in the Global level.

®  One third of the world ‘s population and one –quarter of the total area of the land is    

     affected by it.

® The most areas which are in risk of desert in Africa are all areas south of Sahara, the 

     Sahel region and the countries located in this region include Burkina Faso, Mauritania,      

    Senegal,  Mali, Niger and Chad.

® Other African countries affected by desertification include Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia,    

    Benin and parts of Niger and Kenya. In these areas rainfall ranges from 100 mm to

     500 mm.

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